MA460 Exercise Biology and Sport Performance Analysis I (15 ECTS) 

Course facts

Introduction

This course provides an introduction to advanced studies in exercise and sport biology and sport performance analysis. The course is based knowledge in physiology and biomechanics from previous studies at the bachelor level. The focus will be on how to evaluate human performance within the framework of the included research areas. The course is also designed to improve critical evaluation of scientific papers, presentation skills, group work and the synthesis of complex research papers.

Learning outcomes

After completing the course the student can

• identify key elements, strengthen basic knowledge and analytical capacity, and condense important information from complex research papers (summarize).
• present and critically discuss results from key research in the area.
• explain the strengths and limitations of key methodologies for the study of human performance.
• integrate knowledge of metabolism, physiology and biomechanics in evaluations of human performance to address specific challenges in the research, clinical and coaching professional environments.
• assess forms of collaboration and knowledge sharing in an innovative context within human performance.

Learning styles and activities

The course offers 8-10 seminars.  In each seminar, an introduction will be given on a specific topic before students in groups of 2-3 read and present an article based on the lecture content. The presentation will be followed by questions and group discussions.

In addition to the specific topics, the students must take part in minimum 2 workshops about innovation and development during the semester. The workshops are organized in a collaboration between IFP and external partners. The specific outcome of these workshops would be to identify scientific knowledge in an innovation context between academia, organizations and industry. 

Mandatory assignment

Students shall participate actively and sufficiently (80%) in the classes and must present at least one paper review or other assignment during the course.

The presentations/participation must be approved before the written exam.

Assessment

Individual written exam, 3 hours, graded (A-F).  

Core material

MA460 is built on weekly seminars and electronic articles will be published here for each seminar.

NB! To open electronic articles off campus, you need to use the following VPN connection: Click here to download.

SEMINAR 1: Muscle mechanics:
Review article:
Roberts, T. J., Eng, C. M., Sleboda, D. A., Holt, N. C., Brainerd, E. L., Stover, K. K., Marsh, R. L., & Azizi, E. (2019). The multi-scale, three-dimensional nature of skeletal muscle contraction. Physiology, 34(6), 402–408. https://doi.org/10.1152/physiol.00023.2019
* This article is available online: Click here to download.

Original research articles for student presentations:
Dorn, T. W., Schache, A. G., & Pandy, M. G. (2012). Muscular strategy shift in human running: Dependence of running speed on hip and ankle muscle performance. The Journal of Experimental Biology, 215(Pt 11), 1944–1956. https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.064527
* This article is available online: Click here to download.

Lai, A. K. M., Biewener, A. A., & Wakeling, J. M. (2019). Muscle-specific indices to characterise the functional behaviour of human lower-limb muscles during locomotion. Journal of Biomechanics, 89, 134–138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2019.04.027
* This article is available online: Click here to download.

Miller, R. H., Umberger, B. R., & Caldwell, G. E. (2012). Limitations to maximum sprinting speed imposed by muscle mechanical properties. Journal of Biomechanics, 45(6), 1092–1097. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2011.04.040
* This article is available online: Click here to download.

SEMINAR 2: Running economy, a physiological and biomechanical perspective:
Review article:
Hoogkamer, W., Kram, R., & Arellano, C. J. (2017). How biomechanical improvements in running economy could break the 2-hour marathon barrier. Sports Medicine, 47(9), 1739-1750. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-017-0708-0
* This article is available online: Click here to download.

Original research articles for student presentations:
Fong, H. B., & Powell, D. W. (2022). Greater breast support is associated with reduced oxygen consumption and greater running economy during a treadmill running task. Frontiers in Sports and Activ Living, 4, 902276. https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2022.902276
* This article is available online: Click here to download.

Kyröläinen, H., Belli, A., & Komi, P. V. (2001). Biomechanical factors affecting running economy. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 33(8), 1330-1337. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200108000-00014
* This article is available online: Click here to download.

Tartaruga, M. P., Brisswalter, J., Peyré-Tartaruga, L. A., Avila, A. O., Alberton, C. L., Coertjens, M., Cadore, E. L., Tiggemann, C. L., Silva, E. M., & Kruel, L. F. (2012). The relationship between running economy and biomechanical variables in distance runners. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 83(3), 367-375. https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.2012.10599870
* This article is available online: Click here to download.

SEMINAR 3: Oxygen transport and utilization during whole body maximal exercise:
Review article:
Skattebo, Ø., Calbet, J. A. L., Rud, B., Capelli, C., & Hallén, J. (2020). Contribution of oxygen extraction fraction to maximal oxygen uptake in healthy young men. Acta Physiologica (Oxford England), 230(2), e13486. https://doi.org/10.1111/apha.13486
* This article is available online: Click here to download.

Original research articles for student presentations:
Bonne, T. C., Doucende, G., Fluck, D., Jacobs, R. A., Nordsborg, N. B., Robach, P., Walther, G. & Lundby, C. (2014). Phlebotomy eliminates the maximal cardiac output response to six weeks of exercise training. American Journal of Physiology. Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology, 306(10), 752-760. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00028.2014
* This article is available online: Click here to download.

Powers, S. K., Lawler, J., Dempsey, J. A., Dodd, S., & Landry, G. (1989). Effects of incomplete pulmonary gas exchange on VO2 max. Journal of Applied Physiology, 66(6), 2491-2495. https://journals.physiology.org/doi/abs/10.1152/jappl.1989.66.6.2491
* This article is available online: Click here to download.

Skattebo, Ø., Johansen, E. S., Capelli, C., & Hallén, J. (2021). Effects of 150- and 450-mL acute blood losses on maximal oxygen uptake and exercise capacity. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 53(8), 1729-1738. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000002618
* This article is available online: Click here to download.

SEMINAR 4: Biomechanics of overuse injuries:
Review article:
Willwacher, S., Kurz, M., Robbin, J., Thelen, M., Hamill, J., Kelly, L., & Mai, P. (2022). Running-related biomechanical risk factors for overuse injuries in distance runners: A systematic review considering injury specificity and the potentials for future research. Sports Medicine, 52(8), 1863-1877. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-022-01666-3
* This article is available online: Click here to download.

Original research articles for student presentations:
Nunns, M., House, C., Rice, H., Mostazir, M., Davey, T., Stiles, V., Fallowfield, J., Allsopp, A., & Dixon, S. (2016). Four biomechanical and anthropometric measures predict tibial stress fracture: A prospective study of 1065 Royal Marines. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 50(19), 1206-1210. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2015-095394
* This article is available online: Click here to download.

Johnson, C. D., Tenforde, A. S., Outerleys, J., Reilly, J., & Davis, I. S. (2020). Impact-related ground reaction forces are more strongly associated with some running injuries than others. American Journal of Sports Medicine, 48(12), 3072-3080. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546520950731
* This article is available online: Click here to download.

Thijs, Y., De Clercq, D., Roosen, P., & Witvrouw, E. (2008). Gait-related intrinsic risk factors for patellofemoral pain in novice recreational runners. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 42(6), 466-471. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2008.046649
* This article is available online: Click here to download.

SEMINAR 5: Integrated performance analysis:
Review article:
Molan, C., Kelly, S., Arnold, R., & Matthews J. (2019). Performance management: A systematic review of processes in elite sport and other performance domains. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 31(1), 87-104. https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200.2018.1440659
* This article is available online: Click here to download.

Original research articles for student presentations:
Björklund G., Swarén M., Born D. P., & Stöggl T. (2019). Biomechanical adaptations and performance indicators in short trail running. Frontiers in Physiology, 10, 506. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2019.00506
* This article is available online: Click here to download.

Gløersen, Ø., Gilgien, M., Dysthe, D. K., Malthe-Sørenssen, A., & Losnegard, T. (2020). Oxygen demand, uptake, and deficits in elite cross-country skiers during a 15-km race. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 52(4), 983-992. https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0000000000002209
* This article is available online: Click here to download.

Losnegard, T., Tosterud, O. K., Kjeldsen, K., Olstad, Ø., & Kocbach, J. (2022). Cross-country skiers with a fast-start pacing pattern increase time-trial performance by use of a more even pacing strategy. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 17(5), 739-747. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2021-0394
* This article is available online: Click here to download.

SEMINAR 6: Performance analysis in racing sport:
Review article:
Gonjo, T., & Olstad, B. H. (2020). Race analysis in competitive swimming: A narrative review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(1). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18010069
* This article is available online: Click here to download.

Original research articles for student presentations:
Olstad, B. H., Wathne, H., & Gonjo, T. (2020). Key factors related to short course 100 m breaststroke performance. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(17). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176257
* This article is available online: Click here to download.

Elfmark, O., Ettema, G., Groos, D., Ihlen, E. A. F., Velta, R., Haugen, P., Braaten, S., & Gilgien, M. (2021). Performance analysis in ski jumping with a differential global navigation satellite system and video-based pose estimation. Sensors, 21(16). https://doi.org/10.3390/s21165318
* This article is available online: Click here to download.

Supej, M., Nedergaard, N. J., Nord, J., & Holmberg, H. C. (2019). The impact of start strategy on start performance in alpine skiing exists on flat, but not on steep inclines. Journal of Sports Sciences, 37(6), 647-655. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2018.1522698
* This article is available online: Click here to download.

SEMINAR 7: Performance analysis in Team sport:
Review article:
Sarmento, H., Marcelino, R., Anguera, M. T., CampaniÇo, J., Matos, N., & LeitÃo, J. C. (2014). Match analysis in football: A systematic review. Journal of Sports Sciences, 32(20), 1831-1843. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2014.898852
* This article is available online: Click here to download.

Original research articles for student presentations:
Bojsen Michalsik, L., & Aagaard, P. (2015). Physical demands in elite team handball: Comparisons between male and female players. The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Ftness, 55(9), 878-891. 
* This article is available as PDF through Canvas.
(OK based on §15 of the Copyright Law).

Castellano, J., Blanco-Villaseñor, A., & Alvarez, D. (2011). Contextual variables and time-motion analysis in soccer. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 32(6), 415-421. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0031-1271771
* This article is available online: Click here to download.

Novak, A. R., Impellizzeri, F. M., Trivedi, A., Coutts, A. J., & McCall, A. (2021). Analysis of the worst-case scenarios in an elite football team: Towards a better understanding and application. Journal of Sports Sciences, 39(16), 1850-1859. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2021.1902138
* This article is available online: Click here to download.

SEMINAR 8: Strength training for elderly:
Review article:
Wiedmer, P., Jung, T., Castro, J. P., Pomatto, L. C. D., Sun, P. Y., Davies, K. J. A., & Grune, T. (2021). Sarcopenia - Molecular mechanisms and open questions. Ageing Research Reviews, 65(101200). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arr.2020.101200
* This article is available online: Click here to download.

Original research articles for student presentations:
Aas, S. N., Breit, M., Karsrud, S., Aase, O. J., Rognlien, S. H., Cumming, K. T., Reggiani, C., Seynnes, O., Rossi, A. P., Toniolo, L., & Raastad, T. (2020). Musculoskeletal adaptations to strength training in frail elderly: A matter of quantity or quality? Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle, 11(3), 663-677. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcsm.12543
* This article is available online: Click here to download.

Clark, L. A., Russ, D. W., Tavoian, D., Arnold, W. D., Law, T. D., France, C. R., & Clark, B. C. (2021). Heterogeneity of the strength response to progressive resistance exercise training in older adults: Contributions of muscle contractility. Experimental Gerontology, 152(111437). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exger.2021.111437
* This article is available online: Click here to download.

Colleluori, G., Aguirre, L., Phadnis, U., Fowler, K., Armamento-Villareal, R., Sun, Z., Brunetti, L., Hyoung Park, J., Kaipparettu, B. A., Putluri, N., Auetumrongsawat, V., Yarasheski, K., Qualls, C., & Villareal, D. T. (2019). Aerobic plus resistance exercise in obese older adults improves muscle protein synthesis and preserves myocellular quality despite weight loss. Cell Metabolism, 30(2), 261-273.e266. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2019.06.008
* This article is available online: Click here to download.

SEMINAR 9: Force- velocity profile and performance:
Review article:
Morin, J. B., & Samozino, P. (2016). Interpreting power-force-velocity profiles for individualized and specific training. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 11(2), 267-272. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2015-0638
* This article is available online: Click here to download.

Original research articles for student presentations:
Jimenez-Reyes, P., Samozino, P., Brughelli, M., & Morin, J. B. (2016). Effectiveness of an individualized training based on force-velocity profiling during jumping. Frontiers in Physiology, 7, 677. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2016.00677
* This article is available online: Click here to download.

Lindberg, K., Solberg, P., Ronnestad, B. R., Frank, M. T., Larsen, T., Abusdal, G., Berntsen, S., Paulsen, G., Sveen, O., Seynnes, O., & Bjornsen, T. (2021). Should we individualize training based on force-velocity profiling to improve physical performance in athletes? Scandinavian Journal of Medicine Science and Sports, 31(12), 2198-2210. https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.14044
* This article is available online: Click here to download.

Simpson, A., Waldron, M., Cushion, E., & Tallent, J. (2021). Optimised force-velocity training during pre-season enhances physical performance in professional rugby league players. Journal of Sports Sciences, 39(1), 91-100. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2020.1805850
* This article is available online: Click here to download.