The organization of many kinds of sporting activities and events depends on voluntarism; this is true both for everyday sport activities in local sport clubs, and mega sport events such as the Olympics. The course examines how the tradition of the volunteering (the Norwegian "dugnad")  has developed and how it is organized and functions in contemporary Norway. The Norwegian voluntary sport field will be compared to sport volunteerism in other countries, on an everyday basis and in relation to sport events. Here, the focus of the course will be the importance of voluntary work in organizing everyday sport.

The students shall:

• understand the Norwegian tradition of volunteering ("dugnad") as part of the contemporary field of volunteerism.
• understand the role of voluntary sport organizations as part of the larger society.
• understand the social and political outcomes of voluntary sport organizations.
• understand how sport organizations at various levels are based on volunteering.
• understand the social stratification of sport volunteers, in sport organizations and at sport events.
• understand the motivation for people to be sport volunteers, in sport organizations and at sport events.
• compare the way sport is organiazed in various nations.

The course will be taught in lectures and discussions. Students are expected to take part in discussions and presentations related to ordinary lectures and two presentations which have to be approved by lecturer: one on national cases, one related to their essays.

• Essay (2000 words) on a given topic (40%)
• Individual oral exam, graded A-F  (60%).

Scandinavian students can write the essay and take the oral exam in Scandinavian languages.

1 DIGITAL COMPENDIUM - through Canvas:
Skirstad, B. (Ed.). (2018). SPM326: Volunteerism in sport: Fall 2018. (Digital compendium). Oslo: Norges idrettshøgskole.
** This PDF is available through Canvas.

Table of contents, alphabetical in APA-style:
Ariely, D. (2008). The cost of social Norms: Why we are happy to do things, but not when we are paid to do them. I: D. Ariely, Predictably Irrational: The hidden forces that shape our decisions. (s. 67-88). London: Harper.

Bergsgard, N. A., Houlihan, B., Mangset, P., Nødland, S. I. & Rommetvedt, H. (2007). Introduction. In: N. A. Bergsgard, B. Houlihan, P. Mangset, S. I. Nødland & H. Rommetvedt, Sport policy: A comparative analysis of stability and change. (pp. 2-17). Amsterdam: Elsevier.

Bergsgard, N. A., Houlihan, B., Mangset, P., Nødland, S. I. & Rommetvedt, H. (2007). The Structure of sport and the role of the voluntary sector. In: N. A. Bergsgard, B. Houlihan, P. Mangset, S. I. Nødland & H. Rommetvedt, Sport Policy: A comparative analysis of stability and change. (pp. 65-105). Amsterdam: Elsevier.

Downward, P., Dawson, A. & Dejonghe, T. (2009). The supply of participant sport: Volunteers and sports clubs. In: P. Downward, A. Dawson & T. Dejonghe, Sports economics: Theory, policy and evidence. (s. 147-175). London: Routledge.

Lewis, M. (2003). How to find a ballplayer. In: M. Lewis, Moneyball: The art of winning an unfair game. (s. 14-42). New York: Norton.

Lewis, M. (2003). The curse of talent. In: M. Lewis, Moneyball: The art of winning an unfair game. (s. 3-13). New York: Norton.

Putnam, R. D. (2000). Civic participation. In: R. D. Putnam, Bowling alone: The collapse and revival of American community. (pp. 48-64). New York: Simon & Schuster.

Putnam, R. D. (2000). Informal social connections. In: R. D. Putnam, Bowling alone: The collapse and revival of American community. (pp. 93-115). New York: Simon & Schuster.

Putnam, R. D. (2000). Thinking about social change in America. In: R. D. Putnam, Bowling alone: The collapse and revival of American community. (pp. 15-28). New York: Simon & Schuster.

Skirstad, B. & Kristiansen, E. (2017). Indirect volunteers and application of the Volunteer Cube: A framework for International Sport Volunteering? In: A. M. Benson & N. Wise (Eds.), International sports volunteering. (pp. 122-141).  London: Routledge.


23 ELECTRONIC ARTICLES:

NB! To open electronic articles off campus, you must use the following VPN connection: Click here to download

Allen, J. & Shaw, S. (2009). ”Everyone rolls up their sleeves and mucks in”: Exploring voluteer’s motivation and experience of the motivational climate of a sporting event. Sport Management Review, 12(2), 79-90. doi: 10.1016/j.smr.2008.12.002
* Available online here: Click here to download.

Bish, A. & Becker, K. (2016). Exploring expectations of nonprofit management capabilities. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 45(3), 437-457. doi: 10.1177/0899764015583313
* Available online here: Click here to download.

Boezeman, E. J. & Ellemers, N. (2014). Volunteer leadership: The role of pride and respect in organizational identification and leadership satisfaction. Leadership, 10(2), 160-173. doi: 10.1177/1742715012467487
* Available online here: Click here to download.

Cuskelly, G. & O'Brien, W. (2012). Changing roles: Applying continuity theory to understanding the transition from playing to volunteering in community sport. European Sport Management Quarterly, 13(1), 54-75. doi: 10.1080/16184742.2012.744767.
* Available online here: Click here to download.

Fahlén, J., Eliasson, I., & Wickman, K. (2015). Resisting self-regulation: An analysis of sport policy programme making and implementation in Sweden. International journal of sport policy and politics, 7(3), 391-406. doi: 10.1080/19406940.2014.925954
* Available online here: Click here to download

Fahlén, J. (2017). The corporal dimension of sports-based interventions: Understanding the role of embedded expectations and embodied knowledge in sport policy implementation. International review for the sociology of sport, 52(4), 497-517.
* Available online here: Click here to download

Hanstad, D. V., Kristiansen, E., Sand,T. S., Skirstad, B. & Strittmatter, A-M. (2016). Volunteering at the Youth Olympic Games at Lillehammer. Hentet 7. mai 2018 fra https://issuu.com/norgesidrettshogskole/docs/rapport_frivillig_ungdoms_ol_2016_e
* * Available online here: Click here to download.

Hustinx, L. & Lammertyn, F. (2004). The cultural bases of volunteering: Understanding and predicting attitudinal differences between flemish Red Cross folunteers. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 33(4), 548-584. doi: 10.1177/0899764004269144
* Available online here: Click here to download.

Ibsen, B. & Seippel, Ø. (2010). Voluntary organized sport in Denmark and Norway. Sport in Society, 13(4), 593-608. doi: 10.1080/17430431003616266
* Available online here: Click here to download.

Kodama, E., Doherty, A. & Popovic, M. (2012). Front line insight: An autoethnography of the Vancouver 2010 volunteer experience. European Sport Management Quarterly, 13(1), 76-93. doi: 10.1080/16184742.2012.742123
* Available online here: Click here to download.

Kristiansen, E., Skirstad, B., Parent, M. M. & Waddington, I. (2015). 'We can do it': Community, resistance, social solidarity, and long-term volunteering at a sport event. Sport Management Review, 18(2), 256-267.
* Available online here: Click here to download.

Lorentzen, H. & Hustinx, L. (2007). Civic involvement and modernization. Journal of Civil Society, 3(2), 101-118. doi: 10.1080/17448680701554282
* Available online here: Click here to download.

Nowy, T., Wicker, P. Feiler, S. & Breuer, C. (2015). Organizational performance of nonprofit and for-profit sport organizations. European Sport Management Quarterly, 15(2), 155-175. doi: 10.1080/16184742.2014.995691
* Available online here: Click here to download.

Schlesinger, T. & Nagel, S. (2013). Who will volunteer? Analysing individual and structural factors of volunteering in Swiss sports clubs. European Journal of Sport Science, 13(6), 707-715. doi: 10.1080/17461391.2013.773089
* Available online here: Click here to download.

Seippel, Ø. (2010). Professionals and volunteers: On the future of a Scandinavian sport model. Sport in Society, 13(2), 199-211. doi: 10.1080/17430430903522921
* Available online here: Click here to download.

Skirstad, B. & Hanstad, D. V. (2013). Gender matters in sport event volunteering. Managing Leisure, 18(4), 316-330. doi:10.1080/13606719.2013.809188
* Avialable online here: Click to download.

Solberg, H. A. (2003). Major sporting events: Assessing the value of volunteers’ work. Managing Leisure, 8(1), 17-27. doi: 10.1080/1360671032000075216
* Available online here: Click here to download.

Storr, R. & Spaaij, R. (2017). 'I guess it's kind of elitist': The formation and mobilisation of cultural, social and physical capital in youth sport volunteering. Journal of Youth Studies, 20(4), 487-502. doi: 10.1080/13676261.2016.1241867
* Available online here: Click here to download.

Thiel, A. & Mayer, J. (2009). Characteristics of voluntary sports clubs management: A sociological perspective. European Sport Management Quarterly, 9(1), 81-98. doi: 10.1080/16184740802461744
* Available online here: Click here to download.

Wilson, J. (2000). Volunteering. Annual Review of Sociology, 26, 215-240.
* Available online here: Click here to download.

Wollebæk, D. & Selle. P. (2007). Origins of social capital: Socialization and institutionalization approaches compared. Journal of Civil Society, 3(1), 1-24. doi: 10.1080/17448680701390638
* Available online here: Click here to download.

Wollebæk, D., Skirstad, B. & Hanstad, D. V. (2013). Between two volunteer cultures: Social composition and motivation among volunteers at the 2010 Trial Event for the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships. International Review for the Spciology of Sport, 49(1), 22-41. doi: 10.1177/1012690212453355
* Available online here: Click here to download

Østerlund, K. (2013). Managing voluntary sport organizations to facilitate volunteer recruitment. European Sport Management Quarterly, 13(2), 143-165. doi: 10.1080/16184742.2012.731074
* Available online here: Click here to download.


1 ARTICLE - through Canvas:
Knoke, D. & Prensky, D. (1984). What relevance do organization theories have for voluntary associations? Social Science Quarterly, 65(1), 3-20.
** Available as PDF through Canvas.
(OK based on §15 of the Copyright Law)

Suggested readings:

2 BOOKS:
Cuskelly, G., Hoye, R. & Auld, C. (2006). Working with volunteers in sport: Theory and practice. Abingdon: Routledge.
* You will find the book in the Library here: ORIA
** The book is also available online: Click here to download
*** NB! To open electronic books off campus, you must use the following VPN connection: Click here to download

Eliasoph, N. (2013). The politics of volunteering. (Political sociology series). Cambridge: Polity.
* You will find the book in the Library here: ORIA


6 ELECTRONIC ARTICLES:

* NB! To open electronic articles off campus, you must use the following VPN connection: Click here to download

Clerkin, R. & Swiss, J. (2014). Does charging nonprofit volunteers affect their satisfaction? Nonprofit Management & Leadership, 24(4), 487-501.
* Du kan bestille den gratis via ORIA: Klikk på denne lenken.

Hwang, H. & Powell, W.W. (2009). The rationalization of charity: The influences of professionalism in the Nonprofit Sector. Administrative Science Quarterly, 54(2), 268-296.
* Available online here: Click here to download.

Seippel, Ø. (2006). Sport and social capital. Acta Sociologica, 49(2), 169-183.
* Available online here: Click here to download.

Skille, E. Å. & Hanstad, D. V. (2013). Who are they and why do they do it? The habitus of sport events volunteers in Norway. Sport in Society, 16(9), 1135-1148.
* Available online here: Click here to download

Studer, S. (2016). Volunteer management: Responding to the uniqueness of volunteers. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 45(4), 688-714.
* Available online here: Click here to download.

Wilson, J. (2012). Volunteerism research: A review essay. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 41(2), 176-212.
* Available online here: Click here to download.