The course will be taught entirely in English including all communications and exams.

The course will deal with advanced biomechanical analysis of human movement and associated methodologies:

• kinematic and kinetic analysis, inverse dynamics
• muscle activation and force exertion/measurement in static and dynamic contractions
• mechanical properties of force transmitting tissues

Students shall:

• demonstrate understanding of the kinematic and kinetic analysis of human motion 
• understand analysis of muscle activation during in-vivo human movement
• understand the role of mechanical properties of force bearing tissues for performance, and adaptation to use and disuse

The course will be based on scientific literature. Primary course interaction will be lecture/discussion point-counterpoint format. Relevant readings from the biomechanics literature will require short summary writing. In addition, a workshop will be included where students conduct a mini research project with data sampling, data analysis and interpretation.

Arbeidskrav
Students shall participate actively and sufficiently (80%) in the classes, and must present at least one paper review or other assignment during the course. The presentations/participation will be evaluated "approved" or "not approved".

At the end of the seminar, students will have 14 days to write a 6500-word essay (including bibliography). Essay topics will be drawn amongst those addressed during the seminar. Essays will be graded A to F.

Please note that essays uploaded to Fronter will be submitted to the plagiarism prevention service Ephorus.

1 BOOK:
Robertson, D., Gordon, E., Caldwell, G. E., Hamill, J., Kamen, G. & Whittlesey, S. N. (2014). Research methods in biomechanics (2nd ed.). Champaign, Ill.: Human Kinetics.
* You will find the book in the library here: ORIA


19 ELECTRONIC ARTICLES:

NB! To open electronic articles off campus, you must use the following VPN connection: Click here to download.

Kinematics og kinetics:
* Matthias Gilgien:
Challis, J. H. & Kerwin, D. G. (1992). Accuracy assessment and control point configuration when using the dlt for photogrammetry. Journal of Biomechanics, 25(9), 1053-1058. doi:10.1016/0021-9290(92)90040-8
* The article is available online: Click here to download.

Hatze, H. (1988). High-precision three-dimensional photogrammetric calibration and object space reconstruction using a modified dlt-approach. Journal of Biomechanics, 21(7), 533-538. doi:10.1016/0021-9290(88)90216-3
* The article is available online: Click here to download.

Spörri, J., Schiefermüller, C. & Müller, E. (2016). Collecting kinematic data on a ski track with optoelectronic stereophotogrammetry: A methodological study assessing the feasibility of bringing the biomechanics lab to the field. PLoS ONE, 11(8), e0161757. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0161757
* The article is available online: Click here to download.

Stricker, G., Scheiber, P., Lindenhofer, E. & Müller, E. (2010). Determination of forces in alpine skiing and snowboarding: Validation of a mobile data acquisition system. European Journal of Sport Science, 10(1), 31-41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17461390903108141
* The article is available online: Click here to download.

Woltring, H. J. (1985). On optimal smoothing and derivative estimation from noisy displacement data in biomechanics. Human Movement Science, 4, 229-245. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-9457(85)90004-1
* The article is available online: Click here to download.

Wood, G. A. & Marshall, R. N. (1986). The accuracy of DLT extrapolation in three-dimensional film analysis. Journal of Biomechanics, 19(9), 781-785. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-9290(86)90201-0
* The article is available online: Click here to download.


Gait analysis - theory and applications:
* Tine Alkjær:
Alkjaer, T., Simonsen, E. B., Jorgensen, U. & Dyhre-Poulsen, P. (2003). Evaluation of the walking pattern in two types of patients with anterior cruciate ligament deficiency: Copers and non-copers. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 89(3-4), 301-308. doi:10.1007/s00421-002-0787-x
* The article is available online: Click here to download.

Alkjaer, T., Raffalt, P., Petersen, N. C. & Simonsen, E. B. (2012). Movement behavior of high-heeled walking: How does the nervous system control the ankle joint during an unstable walking condition? PLoS One, 7(5), e37390. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037390
* The article is available online: Click here to download.

Hansen, L., Henriksen, M., Larsen, P. & Alkjaer, T. (2008). Nordic Walking does not reduce the loading of the knee joint. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 18(4), 436-441.
* The article is available online: Click here to download.

Henriksen, M., Alkjaer, T., Lund, H., Simonsen, E. B., Graven-Nielsen, T., Danneskiold-Samsoe, B. & Bliddal, H. (2007). Experimental quadriceps muscle pain impairs knee joint control during walking. Journal of Applied Physiology, 103(1), 132-139. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.01105.2006
* The article is available online: Click here to download.


Human running mechanics:
* Olivier Seynnes:
Baxter, J. R., Novack, T. a, Van Werkhoven, H., Pennell, D. R. & Piazza, S. J. (2012). Ankle joint mechanics and foot proportions differ between human sprinters and non-sprinters. Proceedings. Biological Sciences, 279(1735), 2018-2024. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2011.2358
* The article is available online: Click here to download.

Dorn, T. W., Schache, A. G. & Pandy, M. G. (2012). Muscular strategy shift in human running: Dependence of running speed on hip and ankle muscle performance. The Journal of Experimental Biology, 215(Pt 11), 1944-1956. doi: 10.1242/jeb.064527
* The article is available online: Click here to download.

Miller, R. H., Umberger, B. R. & Caldwell, G. E. (2012). Limitations to maximum sprinting speed imposed by muscle mechanical properties. Journal of Biomechanics, 45(6), 1092-1097. doi: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2011.04.040
* The article is available online: Click here to download.


EMG  - Data collection and data analysis techniques:
* Jan Cabri
Bazzucchi, I., Riccio, M. E. & Felici, F. (2008). Tennis players show a lower coactivation of the elbow antagonist muscles during isokinetic exercises. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology, 18(5), 752-759. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelekin.2007.03.004
* The article is available online: Click here to download.

Cools, A. M., Witvrouw, E. E., Danneels, L. A. & Cambier, D. C. (2002). Does taping influence electromyographic muscle activity in the scapular rotators in healthy shoulders? Manual Therapy, 7(3), 154-162. doi:10.1054/math.2002.0464
* The article is available online: Click here to download.

Escamilla, R. F. & Andrews, J. R. (2009). Shoulder muscle recruitment patterns and related biomechanics during upper extremity sports. Sports Medicine, 39(7), 569-590. doi:10.2165/00007256-200939070-00004
* The article is available online: Click here to download.

Maffiuletti, N. A., Aagaard, P., Blazevich, A. J., Folland, J., Tillin, N. & Duchateau, J. (2016). Rate of force development: Physiological and methodological considerations. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 116(6), 1091–1116. doi:10.1007/s00421-016-3346-6
* The article is available online: Click here to download.

Müller, E. & Schwameder, H. (2003). Biomechanical aspects of new techniques in alpine skiing and ski-jumping. Journal of Sports Sciences, 21(9), 679–692. https://doi.org/10.1080/0264041031000140284
* The article is available online: Click here to download.

Rouffet, D. M. & Hautier, C. A. (2008). EMG normalization to study muscle activation in cycling. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology, 18(5), 866–878. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelekin.2007.03.008
* The article is available online: Click here to download.